Launched on 6th of October 2026

Cardio.toolsby Mohamed Ghazy, MD CardiologyAin Shams University, Egypt · Cardiology Consultant, Saudi ArabiaScopus ID: 55257919100
DVT & prophylaxis

Caprini Score

Weighted risk-assessment model for surgical patients (ACCP 9th edition risk categories).

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Age
Type of surgery
Additional criteria
Tap every item that applies
Total score
0
Very low risk
VTE < 0.5% without prophylaxis
Decision guide
Early ambulation; no specific prophylaxis.
2 sections are still unanswered — counted as 0 points.
Ranges: 0 Very low risk1–2 Low risk3–4 Moderate risk5–99 High risk

Pharmacological prophylaxis: DOAC dose and duration

Operation
DOACs are licensed for prophylaxis only after elective hip or knee replacement
Indication, dose and duration

Choose the operation. Pharmacological prophylaxis is indicated at Caprini ≥ 3 (moderate risk) when bleeding risk is acceptable, and always after hip or knee replacement or hip fracture surgery.

References
  1. Caprini JA. Thrombosis risk assessment as a guide to quality patient care. Dis Mon 2005;51:70-78.
  2. Gould MK, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients: ACCP Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (9th ed). Chest 2012;141:e227S-e277S.
  3. Falck-Ytter Y, et al. Prevention of VTE in orthopedic surgery patients: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: ACCP Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012;141:e278S-e325S.
  4. Anderson DR, et al. American Society of Hematology 2019 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: prevention of VTE in surgical hospitalized patients. Blood Adv 2019;3:3898-3944.
  5. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Venous thromboembolism in over 16s: reducing the risk of hospital-acquired deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. NICE guideline NG89, 2018 (updated 2019).
  6. Eriksson BI, et al. Rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after hip arthroplasty (RECORD1). N Engl J Med 2008;358:2765-2775.
  7. Lassen MR, et al. Apixaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after hip replacement (ADVANCE-3). N Engl J Med 2010;363:2487-2498.
  8. Lassen MR, et al. Apixaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after knee replacement (ADVANCE-2): a randomised double-blind trial. Lancet 2010;375:807-815.
  9. Eriksson BI, et al. Dabigatran etexilate versus enoxaparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip replacement (RE-NOVATE). Lancet 2007;370:949-956.
  10. Anderson DR, et al. Aspirin or rivaroxaban for VTE prophylaxis after hip or knee arthroplasty (EPCAT II). N Engl J Med 2018;378:699-707.
  11. CRISTAL Study Group. Effect of aspirin vs enoxaparin on symptomatic venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty. JAMA 2022;328:719-727.
  12. Pannucci CJ, et al. Individualized venous thromboembolism risk stratification using the 2005 Caprini score to identify the benefits and harms of chemoprophylaxis in surgical patients: a meta-analysis. Ann Surg 2017;265:1094-1103.
  13. Horlocker TT, et al. Regional anesthesia in the patient receiving antithrombotic or thrombolytic therapy: ASRA evidence-based guidelines (4th edition). Reg Anesth Pain Med 2018;43:263-309.
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