Heart failure
Stages of heart failure (A–D) and prevention
Assigns the heart failure stage used by the 2026 ESC and 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guidelines: A (at risk), B (pre-heart failure: structural disease or raised natriuretic peptide or troponin without symptoms), C (symptomatic HF) and D (advanced HF). Lists prevention for stages A and B (blood-pressure control, SGLT2 inhibitors, finerenone and GLP-1 receptor agonists in diabetes, beta-blocker and ACE inhibitor when LVEF is reduced) and points stage C and D patients to LVEF-based therapy or an advanced HF centre.
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Risk factors
Stage A if present without structural disease
Structural heart disease or raised biomarkers
Stage B if present without symptoms
Symptoms and course
Stages of heart failure · ESC 2026
Tick the risk factors, structural findings or symptoms that apply.
References